Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends

Priya Patel; Hiren Patel; Hiren Bhagiya; Bhavisha Kacha; Austin Christian

doi:10.18579/jopcr/v21i4.22.21

Article

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends

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Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

DOI: 10.18579/jopcr/v21i4.22.21

Year: 2022, Volume: 21, Issue: 4, Pages: 95-104

Systematic Review

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends

Priya Patel ^{✉ 1} , Hiren Patel ¹ , Hiren Bhagiya ¹ , Bhavisha Kacha¹ , Austin Christian ¹

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujrat, 360005, India

Corresponding author ✉: [email protected]

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic condition whose incidence has been continuously growing around the world. As a result of this tendency, it is quickly becoming an epidemic in some parts of the world, with the number of individuals affected anticipated to double in the next decade as the world's population ages, adding to the already existing load on healthcare providers, particularly in poor developing countries. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines are still used for screening and diagnosis, which include both clinical and laboratory characteristics. There is currently no cure for the disease; however, therapy options include lifestyle changes, obesity management, oral hypoglycemic medications, and insulin sensitizers such as metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance which is used as first line medication especially for obese patients. The traditional herbal medicine like garlic, neem, bitter gourd, aloe vera, onion, methi, amla, jamun, baheda etc. are also used for the treatment of the diabetes. Other effective medication includes non-sulfonylurea secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, alpha glucoside inhibitors, and insulin. Recent research into the biology of type 2 diabetes has led to the development of new medications such as glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues: dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors, insulin releasing glucokinase activators. The novel drug delivery improves the treatment of diabetes by the inhaled insulin.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes complications, Diabetes diagnosis, Diabetes management, Antidiabetic newer drugs, Antidiabetic herbal drugs

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Copyright

Year: 2022, Volume: 21, Issue: 4

[1] Kumar CR. Basic Pathology (5). (pp. 569-587) Bangalore. Prism Book Private Limited. 1992.

[2] Waugh A, Grant A. Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (11). (pp. 227-229) Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2010.

[3] Bacchetta R, Passerini L, Gambineri E, Dai M, Allan SE. Defective regulatory and effector T cell functions in patients with FOXP3 mutations. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2006;116(6):1713–1722. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI25112

[4] Wassmuth R, Lernmark Å. The genetics of susceptibility to diabetes. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1989;53(3):358–399. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-1229(89)90002-0

[5] Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS. Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment. The Lancet. 2001;358(9277):221–229. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05415-0

[6] Jun SK, Yoon YW. A new look at viruses in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2002;19(1):8–31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.337

[7] Jecob LS, P. Pharmacology (The National medical series for independent study) (3). (pp. 221-225) Hong Kong, London. 1987.

[8] Tripathi KD. Essential medicals pharmacology (7). (pp. 258-281) Jaypee brothers medical publishers . 2013.

[9] Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, Litchy WJ, Klein R, Pach JM, et al. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: The Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. Neurology. 1993;43(4):817–824. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.4.817

[10] Harris MI. Undiagnosed NIDDM: Clinical and Public Health Issues. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(4):642–652. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.16.4.642

[11] Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Supplement_1):S81–S90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-S081

[12] Verge CF, Gianani R, Kawasaki E, Yu L, Pietropaolo M, Jackson RA, et al. Prediction of type I diabetes in first-degree relatives using a combination of insulin, GAD, and ICA512bdc/IA-2 autoantibodies. Diabetes. 1996;45(7):926–933. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.45.7.926

[13] Kahn CR, Lecture B. Insulin action, diabetogenes, and the cause of type II diabetes. Diabetes. 1994;43(8):1066–1084. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.43.8.1066

[14] Paul RR. Antagonist: diabetes and insulin resistance--philosophy, science, and the multiplier hypothesis. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine. 1995;125(5):560–564. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7738421/

[15] Fujioka K. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and the role of incretin hormones and beta-cell dysfunction. JAAPA. 2007;p. 3–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/01720610-200712000-00001

[16] nsulin Basics. . 2014.

[17] DGS, DG. Greenspan’s Basic & Clinical Endocrinology (9). The McGraw-Hill Companies. 2011.

[18] Barrett KE, Barman SM, Brooks HL, Yuan JXJ. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology (24). 2012.

[19] Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (29). (pp. 978-985) McGraw-Hill Medical. 2012.

[20] Bloom A, Hayes TM, Gamble DR. Register of newly diagnosed diabetic children. Br Med J. 1975;3(5983):580–583.

[21] Alemu S, Dessie A, Seid E, Bard E, Lee PT, Trimble ER, et al. Insulin-requiring diabetes in rural Ethiopia: should we reopen the case for malnutrition-related diabetes? Diabetologia. 2009;52(9):1842–1845. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1433-5

[22] Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–1053. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047

[23] Gupta OP, Joshi MH, Dave SK. Prevalence of diabetes in India. Adv Metab Disord. 1978;9:147–165. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-027309-6.50013-6

[24] Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ. Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79(1):29–36. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19145963/

[25] Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(11):790–797. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa010492

[26] Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes--- United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2002. MMWR Weekly. 1988;53(45):1066–1068.

[27] Barlow SE. Expert Committee Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120(S4):S164–S192. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2329c

[28] Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition. Lancet. 2005;366(9491):1059–1062. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67402-8

[29] Powers AC. Diabetes mellitus. In: Fauci AS, Braunwauld E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al., eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (17). (pp. 2275-2304) 2008.

[30] Sampson UK, Linton MF, Fazio S. Are statins diabetogenic? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2011;26(4):342–349. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097%2FHCO.0b013e3283470359

[31] Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Deybach C, Bourry E, Barrou B, Deray G. Drug-induced diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4(6):1097–1109. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.4.6.1097

[32] Diabetes-Related Coma. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16628-diabetic-coma

[33] Dagogo JS. Philip E. Cryer, MD: Seminal Contributions to the Understanding of Hypoglycemia and Glucose Counterregulation and the Discovery of HAAF (Cryer Syndrome) Diabetes Care. 2015;38(12):2193–2199. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0533

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Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends

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