• P-ISSN 0973-7200 E-ISSN 2454-8405
  • Follow us

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Article

COVID19 – An Approach Towards Using Traditional Medicine
  • VIEWS 441
  • PDF 120

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

DOI: 10.18579/jopcr/v23.1.26

Year: 2024, Volume: 23, Issue: 1, Pages: 7-15

Review Article

COVID19 – An Approach Towards Using Traditional Medicine

Avishek Das1,*, Pokhraj Guha2, Avijit Dey1

1Assistant Professor, Ramkrishna Mission Vidyamandir, Belur Math, Howrah, 721127, West Bengal, India
2Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Garhbeta College, Paschim Midnapore, West Bengal, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Viral infections in recent times creates life threatening conditions in patients. Recent covid infection is the major proof for this action in human immune system. As it has the capability to mutate in various different structures so, no counter mechanism is there to protect against the severe form. We have found many cases in Africa and other continents where mass destruction of human life occurs due to different viral infections. Many countries have their traditional practices to counteract the disease. From ancient times it has been found that traditional medicines plays a very important role in diagnosis of these infections. We have discussed various ethnopharmocologically important plant and their compounds which takes part in active role in anti inflammatory and antiviral effect on human populations. Different compounds isolated from different plant either it is root, stem or leaf can be very potential for diagnosing the diseases. It can also effect multiple organ system and try to cope up with various infections. The signal trunsduction pathway plays a very crucial role in activating different cell types and act according to their target cell. In recent times we develop various synthetic drugs to compensate the natural molecules but it has serious side effects in human and different viral strains areco adapted to those synthetic molecules in a very quick manner. So we have to go for the natural and try to use it in our daily life which slowly reduce the burden of the viral infection in our body.

Keywords

Covid, Synthetic Drugs, Ethnopharmacology, Anti Inflammatory

References

  1. Burrell CJ, Howard CR, FAM. Coronaviruses. 2017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375156-0.00031-X
  2. Mousavizadeh L, Ghasemi S. Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2021;54(2):159–163. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.022
  3. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2019;17(3):181–192. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
  4. Yuan Y, Cao D, Zhang Y, Ma J, Qi J, Wang Q, et al. Cryo-EM structures of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike glycoproteins reveal the dynamic receptor binding domains. Nature Communications. 2017;8(1):15092. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15092
  5. Li W, Zhang C, Sui J, Kuhn JH, Moore MJ, Luo S, et al. Receptor and viral determinants of SARS-coronavirus adaptation to human ACE2. The EMBO Journal. 2005;24(8):1634–1643. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600640
  6. Ruwali P, Rai N, Kumar N, Gautam P. Antiviral potential of medicinal plants: An overview. INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY. 2013;4(6):8–16. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.04603
  8. Charan J, Bhardwaj P, Dutta S, Kaur R, Bist SK, Detha MD, et al. Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) and Home Remedies by COVID-19 Patients: A Telephonic Survey. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2021;36(1):108–111. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12291-020-00931-4
  11. Sun Z, Yu C, Wang W, Yu G, Zhang T, Zhang L, et al. Aloe Polysaccharides Inhibit Influenza A Virus Infection—A Promising Natural Anti-flu Drug. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018;9(9):2338. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02338
  12. Yates KM, Rosenberg LJ, Harris CK, Bronstad DC, King GK, Biehle GA, et al. Pilot study of the effect of acemannan in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1992;35(1-2):177–189. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(92)90130-i
  13. Karaca K, Sharma JM, Nordgren R. Nitric oxide production by chicken macrophages activated by acemannan, a complex carbohydrate extracted from Aloe Vera. International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1995;17(3):183–188. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(94)00102-t
  14. Singh R, Chahal KK, Singla N. Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Saussurea lappa: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017;6(4):1298–1306. Available from: https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2017/vol6issue4/PartS/6-3-32-604.pdf
  15. Zahara K, Tabassum S, Sabir S, Arshad M, Qureshi R, Amjad MS, et al. A review of therapeutic potential of Saussurea lappa-An endangered plant from Himalaya. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2014;7(1):S60–S69. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60204-2
  18. Kim DY, Choi BY. Costunolide—A Bioactive Sesquiterpene Lactone with Diverse Therapeutic Potential. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20(12):2926. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122926
  20. Scarponi C, Butturini E, Sestito R, Madonna S, Cavani A, Mariotto S, et al. Inhibition of Inflammatory and Proliferative Responses of Human Keratinocytes Exposed to the Sesquiterpene Lactones Dehydrocostuslactone and Costunolide. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(9):e107904. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107904
  21. Zheng H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Jin Z, Huang H, et al. Evaluation of protective effects of costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice based on multi-pathway regulation. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2016;250:68–77. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.003
  22. Uttekar MM, Das T, Pawar RS, Bhandari B, Menon V, Nutan, et al. Anti-HIV activity of semisynthetic derivatives of andrographolide and computational study of HIV-1 gp120 protein binding. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2012;56:368–374. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.030
  23. Gupta S, Mishra KP, Ganju L. Broad-spectrum antiviral properties of andrographolide. Archives of Virology. 2017;162(3):611–623. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-3166-3
  24. Zhou J, Hu SE, Tan SH, Cao R, Chen Y, Xia D, et al. Andrographolide sensitizes cisplatin-induced apoptosis via suppression of autophagosome-lysosome fusion in human cancer cells. Autophagy. 2012;8(3):338–349. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.18721
  25. Judith D, Mostowy S, Bourai M, Gangneux N, Lelek M, Lucas‐Hourani M, et al. Species‐specific impact of the autophagy machinery on Chikungunya virus infection. EMBO reports. 2013;14(6):534–544. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2013.51
  26. Krejbich-Trotot P, Gay B, Li-Pat-Yuen G, Hoarau JJ, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Briant L, et al. Chikungunya triggers an autophagic process which promotes viral replication. Virology Journal. 2011;8(1):432. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-8-432
  27. Chiou W, Chen C, Lin J. Mechanisms of suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells by andrographolide. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2000;129(8):1553–1560. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0703191
  28. Iruretagoyena MI, Tobar JA, González PA, Sepúlveda SE, Figueroa CA, Burgos RA, et al. Andrographolide Interferes with T Cell Activation and Reduces Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Mouse. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2005;312(1):366–372. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.072512
  30. Rehman S, Ashfaq UA, Riaz S, Javed T, Riazuddin S. Antiviral activity of Acacia nilotica against Hepatitis C Virus in liver infected cells. Virology Journal. 2011;8(1):220. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-8-220
  31. Loizou S, Lekakis I, Chrousos GP, Moutsatsou P. β‐Sitosterol exhibits anti‐inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2010;54(4):551–558. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900012
  32. Benencia F, Courrèges MC. Antiviral activity of sandalwood oil against Herpes simplex viruses-1 and -2. Phytomedicine. 1999;6(2):119–123. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0944-7113(99)80046-4
  33. Kamal R, Yadav S, Mathur M, Katariya P. Antiradical efficiency of 20 selected medicinal plants. Natural Product Research. 2012;26(11):1054–1062. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.553720
  35. Sharma M, Levenson C, Bell R , Anderson S , Hudson J , Collins C , et al. Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated Cytokine/Chemokine Production in Skin Cells by Sandalwood Oils and Purified α‐santalol and β‐santalol. Phytotherapy Research. 2014;28(6):925–932. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5080
  36. Arthanari SK, Vanitha J, Ganesh M, Venkateshwaran K, Clercq D. Evaluation of antiviral and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extract of S. grandiflora (Fabaceae) flowers. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012;2(2):S855–S858. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60323-2
  37. Anantaworasakul P, Klayraung S, Okonogi S. Antibacterial activities of Sesbania grandiflora extracts. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics. 2011;5(1):12–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5582/ddt.v5.1.12
  38. Verma H, Patil PR, Kolhapure RM, Gopalkrishna V. Antiviral activity of the Indian medicinal plant extract Swertia chirata against herpes simplex viruses: a study by in-vitro and molecular approach. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2008;26(4):322–326. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18974483/
  39. Phoboo S, Pinto MDS, Barbosa ACL, Sarkar D, Bhowmik PC, Jha PK, et al. Phenolic‐Linked Biochemical Rationale for the Anti‐Diabetic Properties of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) . Phytotherapy Research. 2013;27(2):227–235. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4714
  40. Alzohairy MA. Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;2016:1–11. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7382506
  41. Tiwari V, Darmani NA, Yue BYJT, Shukla D. In vitroantiviral activity of neem (Azardirachta indica L.) bark extract against herpes simplex virus type‐1 infection. Phytotherapy Research. 2010;24(8):1132–1140. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3085
  45. Moghadamtousi SZ, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K. A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014:1–12. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/186864
  46. Ichsyani M, Ridhanya A, Risanti M, Desti H, Ceria R, Putri DH, et al. Antiviral effects of <i>Curcuma longa</i> L. against dengue virus in vitro and in vivo. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2017;101:012005. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/101/1/012005
  47. Cullen BR, Greene WC. Regulatory pathways governing HIV-1 replication. Cell. 1989;58(3):423–426. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90420-0
  48. Balasubramanyam K, Varier RA, Altaf M, Swaminathan V, Siddappa NB, Ranga U, et al. Curcumin, a Novel p300/CREB-binding Protein-specific Inhibitor of Acetyltransferase, Represses the Acetylation of Histone/Nonhistone Proteins and Histone Acetyltransferase-dependent Chromatin Transcription. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004;279(49):51163–51171. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m409024200
  49. Chainani-Wu N. Safety and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin: A Component of Tumeric (<i>Curcuma longa</i>) The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2003;9(1):161–168. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107555303321223035
  52. Schaffer M, Schaffer PM, Zidan J, Sela GB. Curcuma as a functional food in the control of cancer and inflammation. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2011;14(6):588–597. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0b013e32834bfe94
  55. Pushpangadan. Handbook of herbs and spices. 2012.
  56. Chiang L, Ng L, Cheng P, Chiang W, Lin C. Antiviral activities of extracts and selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2005;32(10):811–816. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04270.x
  57. Benencia F, Courrges MC. In vitro andin vivo activity of eugenol on human herpesvirus. Phytotherapy Research. 2000;14(7):495–500. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7<495::aid-ptr650>3.0.co;2-8
  59. Bloemen K, Verstraelen S, Heuvel RVD, Witters H, Nelissen I, Schoeters G. The allergic cascade: Review of the most important molecules in the asthmatic lung. Immunology Letters. 2007;113(1):6–18. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2007.07.010
  64. Balkrishna A, Pokhrel S, Singh H, Joshi M, Mulay VP, Haldar S, et al. Withanone from Withania somnifera Attenuates SARS-CoV-2 RBD and Host ACE2 Interactions to Rescue Spike Protein Induced Pathologies in Humanized Zebrafish Model. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2021;Volume 15(15):1111–1133. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s292805
  66. Maitra R, Porter MA, Huang S, Gilmour BP. Inhibition of NFκB by the natural product Withaferin A in cellular models of Cystic Fibrosis inflammation. Journal of Inflammation. 2009;6(1):15. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-6-15
  67. Yamamura Y, Kawakami J, Santa T, Kotaki H, Uchino K, Sawada Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhizin in healthy volunteers by a new high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1992;81(10):1042–1046. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600811018
  68. Fiore C, Eisenhut M, Krausse R, Ragazzi E, Pellati D, Armanini D, et al. Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species. Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(2):141–148. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2295
  69. Mori K, Sakai H, Suzuki S, Sugai K, Akutsu Y, Ishikawa M, et al. Effects of glycyrrhizin (SNMC: Stronger Neo-Minophagen C) in hemophilia patients with HIV infection. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1989;158(1):25–35. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.158.25
  70. Pompei R, Pani A, Flore O, Marcialis MA, Loddo B. Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizic acid. Experientia. 1980;36(3):304. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01952290
  71. Wang L, Yang R, Yuan B, Liu Y, Liu C. The antiviral and antimicrobial activities of licorice, a widely-used Chinese herb. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2015;5(4):310–315. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.005
  72. Patel S. Evaluation of anti- asthmatic activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Biosci.Biotechnol Res Asia. 2009;6(2):761–66.
  73. Shin YW, Bae EA, Lee B, Lee S, Kim J, Kim YS, et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Antiallergic Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Its Components. Planta Medica. 2007;73(3):257–261. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-967126
  74. Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni E, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Matthews K, Ayatollahi S, et al. Plants of the Genus Zingiber as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: From Tradition to Pharmacy. Molecules. 2017;22(12):2145. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122145
  75. Chang JS, Wang KC, Yeh CF, Shieh DE, Chiang LC. Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;145(1):146–151. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043
  76. Wahab A. In vitro study of the antiviral activity of Zingiber officinale. Planta Medica. 2009;75(9):7.
  77. Jeena K, Liju VB, Kuttan R. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from ginger. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013;57(1):51–62.
  78. Luettig J, Rosenthal R, Lee IFM, Krug SM, Schulzke JD. The ginger component 6-shogaol prevents TNF-α-induced barrier loss via inhibition of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2016;60(12):2576–2586. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600274
  79. Mao QQ, Xu XY, Cao SY, Gan RY, Corke H, Beta T, et al. Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Foods. 2019;8(6):185. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8060185
  81. Khan AM, Shahzad M, Asim MBR, Imran M, Shabbir A. Zingiber officinale ameliorates allergic asthma via suppression of Th2-mediated immune response. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2015;53(3):359–367. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.920396

Copyright

© 2024 Published by Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 

  • 22 May 2024

Year: 2024, Volume: 23, Issue: 1


More articles

DON'T MISS OUT!

Subscribe now for latest articles and news.