• P-ISSN 0973-7200 E-ISSN 2454-8405
  • Follow us

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Article

Levo Cetirizine - the Drug with Numerous Plus to Cure Allergic Syndrome Compared to other Treatment Systems
  • VIEWS 1017
  • PDF 194

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

DOI: 10.18579/jopcr/v21i4.MS221204

Year: 2022, Volume: 21, Issue: 4, Pages: 105-113

Review Article

Levo Cetirizine - the Drug with Numerous Plus to Cure Allergic Syndrome Compared to other Treatment Systems

Khatri Upasana​ ✉ 1 , Saini Sunil 2 , Bharkatiya Meenakshi 1

1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhupal Nobles' University, Udaipur, Rajathan, 313001, India
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Pharmacy Wing, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342802, India

Corresponding author ✉: [email protected]

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Many drugs are available to treat allergic condition. This review focused on why antihistaminics are best choice for treatment of allergic disorder especially allergic rhinitis (AR). AR is a chronic inflammatory disease. AR can be detected by its characteristics of nasal congestion, nasal itching, sneezing, rhinorrhoea, pruritis, redness, tearing and itching of eyes. This is very common and increases day after day. Allergic rhinitis is not lethal but interferes with daily schedule in a sustained manner. It is also observed that after COVID-19, stimuli reactions such as allergic condition, breathing difficulties and nasal irritation are quite common. It is very necessary to treat AR with an effective and powerful medicine because nowadays, many factors trigger these responses such as the environment, food products, pollution, etc. Before treatment of any symptoms it is very necessary to know it pathogenesis. Hence, in this review, we discuss the introduction of AR, its pathogenesis, diagnostics, classification and treatment. We also understand why levocetirizine, a third-generation antihistamine, is superior to all other antihistamines and the most favourable in paediatric patients in many ways.

 

Keywords: Allergic rhinitis, Antihistaminic, Levocetirizine, COVID­19, Asthma, Nasal congestion

References

  1. Camelo-Nunes IC. New antihistamines: a critical view. Jornal de pediatria. 2006;82(5S):S173–S180. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2223/jped.1552
  2. Horak F, St??bner UP. Comparative Tolerability of Second Generation Antihistamines. Drug Safety. 1999;20(5):385–401. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199920050-00001
  3. Pampura AN, Papadopoulos NG, Špičák V, Kurzawa R. Evidence for Clinical Safety, Efficacy, and Parent and Physician Perceptions of Levocetirizine for the Treatment of Children with Allergic Disease. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2011;155(4):367–378. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1159/000321181
  4. Nathan RA. The burden of allergic rhinitis. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 2007;28(1):3–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2007.28.2934
  5. Greiner AN, Hellings PW, Rotiroti G, Scadding GK. Allergic rhinitis. The Lancet. 2011;378(9809):2112–2134. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60130-x
  6. Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Martinez FD, Barbee RA. Rhinitis as an independent risk factor for adult-onset asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002;109(3):419–425. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.121701
  7. Wheatley LM, Togias A. Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(5):456–463. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp1412282
  8. Small P, Frenkiel S, Becker A, Boisvert P, Bouchard J, Carr S, et al. Rhinitis: A Practical and Comprehensive Approach to Assessment and Therapy. The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2007;36(S1):S5.
  9. Meltzer EO, Blaiss MS, Derebery MJ, Mahr TA, Gordon BR, Sheth KK, et al. Burden of allergic rhinitis: Results from the Pediatric Allergies in America survey. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2009;124(3):S43–S70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.013
  10. Small P, Kim H. Allergic rhinitis. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 2011;7(S1):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3
  11. Corren J. Allergic rhinitis and asthma: How important is the link? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997;99(2):S781–S786. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70127-1
  12. Plaut M, Valentine MD. Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353(18):1934–1944. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp044141
  13. Avdeeva KS, Reitsma S, Fokkens WJ. Direct and indirect costs of allergic and non‐allergic rhinitis in the Netherlands. Allergy. 2020;75(11):2993–2996. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14457
  14. Zhang Y, Lan F, Zhang L. Advances and highlights in allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2021;76(11):3383–3389. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15044
  15. Alkotob SS, Cannedy C, Harter K, Movassagh H, Paudel B, Prunicki M, et al. Advances and novel developments in environmental influences on the development of atopic diseases. Allergy. 2020;75(12):3077–3086. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14624
  16. Mckeever TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, Collins J, Heatlie H, Frischer M. Siblings, multiple births, and the incidence of allergic disease: a birth cohort study using the West Midlands general practice research database. Thorax. 2001;56(10):758–762. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.56.10.758
  17. Gani F, Cottini M, Landi M, Berti A, Comberiati P, Peroni D, et al. Allergic rhinitis and COVID-19: friends or foes? European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2022;54(02):53–59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.23822/eurannaci.1764-1489.234
  18. Linton S, Burrows AG, Hossenbaccus L, Ellis AK. Future of allergic rhinitis management. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2021;127(2):183–190. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2021.04.029
  19. Møller L, Biering K, Tea S, Allan L. Allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitisation are still increasing among Danish adults. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2020;75(3):660–668. Available from: https://forskning.ku.dk/find-en-forsker/
  20. Tosca MA, Marseglia GL, GC, EA, IB, CC, et al. The treatment of allergic rhinitis in asthmatic children and adolescents: practical outcomes from the real-world “ControL’Asma” study. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol . 2021;53(3):143–145. Available from: https://doi.org/10.23822/eurannaci.1764-1489.171
  21. Barnes PJ. Pathophysiology of Allergic Inflammation. Immunol Rev .. 2011;242(1):31–50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01020.x
  22. Lee P, Mace S. An approach to allergic rhinitis. Allergy Rounds. 2009;p. 1.
  23. Papadopoulos NG, Bernstein JA, Demoly P, Dykewicz M, Fokkens W, Hellings PW, et al. Phenotypes and endotypes of rhinitis and their impact on management: a PRACTALL report. Allergy. 2015;70(5):474–494. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12573
  25. Bousquet PJJ, Castelli C, Daures JPP, Heinrich J, Hooper R, Sunyer J, et al. Assessment of Allergen Sensitization in a General Population-Based Survey (European Community Respiratory Health Survey I) Annals of Epidemiology. 2010;20(11):797–803. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.05.012
  26. Sin B, Togias A. Pathophysiology of Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2011;8(1):106–114. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.201008-057rn
  27. Gökkaya M, Schwierzeck V, Thölken K, Knoch S, Gerstlauer M, Hammel G. Nasal specific IgE correlates to serum specific IgE: First steps towards nasal molecular allergy diagnostic. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2020;75(7):1802–1805. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14228
  28. Varshney J, Varshney H. Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. 2015;67(2):143–149. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12070-015-0828-5
  29. Sur DKC, Scandale S. Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis. American Family Physician. 2015;92(11):985–992. Available from: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p985.html
  30. Rosenwasser LJ. Treatment of allergic rhinitis. The American Journal of Medicine. 2002;113(113S9A):17–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01433-x
  31. Kalpaklioglu F, Baccioglu A. Efficacy and Safety of H1-Antihistamines: An Update. Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2012;11(3):230–237. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2174/1871523011202030230
  32. O’mahony L, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Regulation of the immune response and inflammation by histamine and histamine receptors. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2011;128(6):1153–1162. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.051
  33. Bartra J, Valero AL, Cuvillo Ad, Dávila I, Jáuregui I, Montoro I, et al. Interactions of the H1 antihistamines. J InvestigAllergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(1):29–36. Available from: https://www.jiaci.org/issues/vol16s1/5.pdf
  34. Mahdy AM, Webster NR. Histamine and antihistamines. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2011;12:324–333.
  35. Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M. H1 antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 2002;32(4):489–498. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0954-7894.2002.01314.x
  36. Haas H, Panula P. The role of histamine and the tuberomamillary nucleus in the nervous system. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2003;4(2):121–130. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1034
  37. Brown RE, Stevens DR, Haas HL. The physiology of brain histamine. Progress in Neurobiology. 2001;63(6):637–672. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00039-3
  38. Simons FER, Semus MJ, Goritz SS, Simons KJ. H1 - antihistaminic activity of cetirizine and fexofenadine in allergic children. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2003;14(3):207–211. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.00018.x
  39. Church MK, Maurer M, Simons FER, Bindslev-Jensen C, Cauwenberge PV, Bousquet J, et al. Risk of first-generation H1-antihistamines: a GA2 LEN position paper. Allergy. 2010;65(4):459–466. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02325.x
  40. Hindmarch I, Shamsi Z, Stanley N, Fairweather DB. A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of fexofenadine, loratadine and promethazine on cognitive and psychomotor function. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999;48(2):200–206. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2125.1999.00993.x
  41. Taglialatela M, Timmerman H, Annunziato L. Cardiotoxic potential and CNS effects of first-generation antihistamines. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2000;21(2):52–56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-6147(99)01437-6
  42. Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessingmoore J, Cox L, Khan DA, et al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: An updated practice parameter. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2008;122(2S):S1–S84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003
  43. Pawankar R, Bunnag C, Chen Y, Fukuda T, You-Young K, Le L. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma update (ARIA 2008)-western and Asian-Pacific perspective. Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology. 2009;27(4):237–243. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20232579/
  44. Simons FER. Comparative pharmacology of H1 antihistamines: clinical relevance. The American journal of medicine. 2002;113(9S):38–46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01436-5
  45. Ridout SM, Tariq SM. Cetirizine overdose in a young child. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997;99(6):860–861.
  46. Devillier P, Roche N, Faisy C. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Desloratadine, Fexofenadine and Levocetirizine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2008;47(4):217–230. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200847040-00001
  48. Tzanetos DB, Fahrenholz JM, Scott T, Buchholz K. Comparison of the sedating effects of levocetirizine and cetirizine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2011;107(6):517–522. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2011.08.012
  49. Gillard M, Perren CVD, Moguilevsky N, Massingham R, Chatelain P. Binding characteristics of cetirizine and levocetirizine to human H1 histamine receptors: Contribution of Lys191and Thr194. Molecular pharmacology. 2002;61(2):391–400. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.61.2.391
  52. Anthes JC, Gilchrest H, Richard C, Eckel S, Hesk D, West RE, et al. Biochemical characterization of desloratadine, a potent antagonist of the human histamine H1 receptor. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002;449(3):229–237. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(02)02049-6
  53. Lee CFF, Sun HLL, Lu KHH, Ku MSS, Lue KHH. The comparison of cetirizine, levocetirizine and placebo for the treatment of childhood perennial allergic rhinitis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2009;20(5):493–499. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00816.x
  54. Gillard M, Christophe B, Wels BB, Peck M, Massingham R, Chatelain P. H 1 antagonists: receptor affinity versus selectivity. Inflammation Research. 2003;52(0):s49–s50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110300050
  55. Walsh GM. Levocetirizine: An Update. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2006;13(22):2711–2715. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2174/092986706778201594
  56. Hair PI, Scott LJ, Levocetirizine. Drugs. 2006;66(7):973–996. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200666070-00017
  57. Rathanan M, Kumar DS, Shirwaikar A, Kumar R, Kumar DS, Prasad RS. Preparation of mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal delivery by spray drying. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2007;69(5):651–657. Available from: https://www.ijpsonline.com/articles/preparation-of-mucoadhesive-microspheres-for-nasal-delivery-by-spray-drying.html
  58. Kirimlioğlu GY, Öztürk AA. Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles: Formulation and <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;17(1):27–35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4274%2Ftjps.galenos.2018.34392
  64. Sharma V, Chopra H. Formulation and evaluation of taste masked mouth dissolving tablets of levocetirizine hydrochloride. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR. 2012;11(2):457. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832174/
  65. Patel JG, Modi AD. Formulation, optimization and evaluation of levocetirizine dihyrochloride oral thin strip. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2012;4(S5):35–36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.94133
  66. Chen X, Li X, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Fan Y, et al. Chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel as a promising ocular drug delivery system: Preparation, characterization, and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation. Journal of Biomaterials Applications. 2012;27(4):391–402. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328211406563
  67. Bagul U, Gujar K, Patel N, Aphale S, Dhat S. Formulation and evaluation of sublimed fast melt tablets of levocetirizine dihydrochloride. Int J Pharm Sci. 2010;2:76–80.

Copyright

 

© 2022 Published by Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 

  • 04 March 2023

Year: 2022, Volume: 21, Issue: 4


More articles

DON'T MISS OUT!

Subscribe now for latest articles and news.